Looking for accurate SEBA Class 9 Advanced Geography Chapter 2 (Structure of the Earth and Exogenic Processes) textual solutions for the 2026–27 academic year? Access complete step-by-step answers, interior structure concepts (crust, mantle, core), weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and river/wind landforms designed according to the latest revised Assam Board (SEBA) curriculum to score top marks in your examinations.
1. Give a definition of “Human Geography” and mention its major branches.
Answer: Definition: Human Geography is a major branch of geography that studies the relationship between human beings and their natural environment. It examines how human activities, culture, settlements, and economy are distributed across the Earth’s surface and how humans adapt to and modify their surroundings.
Major Branches of Human Geography:
- Population Geography (Studies population growth, density, and distribution)
- Economic Geography (Studies agriculture, industries, trade, and transport)
- Cultural Geography (Studies languages, religions, traditions, and races)
- Settlement Geography (Studies rural and urban human settlements)
- Political Geography (Studies political boundaries, states, and nations)
- Social Geography (Studies social patterns, education, and lifestyle)
2. Briefly write about the subject matter of Human Geography.
Answer: The core subject matter of Human Geography revolves around man and his environment. It covers:
- Human Origin and Evolution: How human beings originated, evolved, and spread across different continents.
- Population and Races: Growth, distribution, density, and physical variations (races) of human groups.
- Cultural Traits: Religion, language, food habits, dress, and lifestyle of different human groups.
- Economic Activities: Primary (farming, fishing), secondary (manufacturing), and tertiary (services, trade) activities through which humans earn a living.
- Human Settlements: How humans build houses, villages, towns, and cities to adapt to their geographic surroundings.
SEBA Class 9 Advanced Geography Chapter 2 Solutions
3. Write briefly, what you mean by “human race”.
Answer: A human race refers to a large biological group of human beings who share similar physical and physical-hereditary characteristics (such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, nose shape, and height) passed down from generation to generation through biological inheritance.
4. Write briefly the bases or criteria of division of human race.
Answer: Physical anthropologists and geographers divide the human population into different races based on two main types of physical traits:
- External Physical Features (Physical/Morphological Traits):
- Skin Color: Fair/white, yellow/brown, dark brown/black.
- Hair Structure and Color: Straight, wavy, or woolly/curly hair.
- Stature (Height): Tall, medium, or short height.
- Shape of Face and Head: Broad head (brachycephalic), long head (dolichocephalic), or medium head.
- Nose Shape (Nasal Index): Broad, narrow, or medium nose.
- Eye Shape and Color: Fold of the upper eyelid (epicanthic fold) and eye color.
- Internal Biological Features:
- Blood group distribution (A, B, AB, O).
5. Discuss in brief the origin of human and human race.
Answer: 1. Origin of Humans: Geological and archaeological evidence suggests that human ancestors first appeared on Earth during the Tertiary and Quaternary periods (around 50 to 60 lakh years ago). The early modern humans (Homo sapiens) originated in the tropical regions of East Africa.
2. Origin of Human Races: As early human groups increased in population, they migrated from Africa to Asia, Europe, and America. Over tens of thousands of years, living in different physical and climatic environments (like extreme cold, extreme heat, or high humidity) caused genetic adaptations. Factors like natural selection, geographical isolation, mutation, and intermixture led to the formation of distinct physical features, giving rise to major human races.
Class 9 Advanced Geography Chapter 2 Question Answer SEBA 2026-27
6. Divide man on the earth based on physical characteristics like hair, nose, face, height, skin, etc.
Answer: Geographers broadly classify the world population into three primary racial groups based on physical traits:
| Physical Feature | Caucasoid (White) | Mongoloid (Yellow) | Negroid (Black) |
| Skin Color | Fair, pale to light brown | Yellowish to tan brown | Dark brown to black |
| Hair | Fine, straight or wavy | Coarse, straight, black | Woolly, tightly curled/frizzy |
| Nose | Narrow, high-bridged | Medium, flat-bridged | Broad, short, flat |
| Face & Eyes | Oval face, horizontal eyes | Broad face, slanted eyes with eyelid fold | Projecting jaws (prognathism), large eyes |
| Height | Medium to tall | Short to medium | Medium to very tall |
7. Mention the characteristics of the three major human races in the world.
Answer: 1. Caucasoid Race:
Physical Traits: Fair skin, wavy/straight hair, narrow nose, oval face, and tall/medium height.
Major Regions: Europe, North America, North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Northern India.
2. Mongoloid Race:
Physical Traits: Yellowish skin, straight coarse black hair, flat nose, broad face with slanted eyes (epicanthic fold).
Major Regions: East Asia (China, Japan, Korea), Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and Native Americans (Red Indians).
3. Negroid Race:
Physical Traits: Dark brown to black skin, woolly/frizzy hair, broad flat nose, thick lips, and prominent lower jaw.
Major Regions: Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Oceania (Melanesia), and African diaspora in the Americas.
SEBA Class 9 Advanced Geography Ch 2 Textbook Answers
8. Which regions of the world are considered first origin of man? With the help of sketch briefly write about the spread and distribution of major human races in the world.
Answer: First Origin: East Africa (Rift Valley region) is universally accepted as the cradle of humankind where early humans first appeared.
Spread and Distribution:
- From Africa to Asia & Europe: Early humans migrated northwards into the Middle East, dividing into eastern and western streams.
- Caucasoid Spread: Spread across Europe, Southwest Asia, North Africa, and later migrated to North/South America and Australia during European expansion.
- Mongoloid Spread: Spread across Central, East, and Southeast Asia. Some groups crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age to enter the Americas (becoming Amerindians).
- Negroid Distribution: Concentrated mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa, with minor branches scattered across South/Southeast Asia and Oceania.
9. What are the major religions? Discuss the salient characteristics and distribution of these religious groups along with their population size.
2. Distribution: Europe, North America, South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Oceania.
3. Distribution: Middle East (Southwest Asia), North Africa, Central Asia, South Asia (Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh).
4. Distribution: Primarily concentrated in India and Nepal, with smaller populations in Mauritius, Fiji, and Bali.
5. Distribution: East and Southeast Asia (China, Japan, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Bhutan).
6. Distribution: Primarily in China and Taiwan.
10. Write in brief about religious composition and distribution of population in India.
Answer: India is a secular country with a diverse religious composition. According to the Census of India:
- Hindus: Constitute the majority (~79.8% of the total population). Distributed throughout the country, forming an absolute majority in most states except Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, and some Northeastern states.
- Muslims: The largest religious minority (~14.2%). Highly concentrated in Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, and Uttar Pradesh.
- Christians: Make up ~2.3% of the population. Concentrated mainly in Kerala, Goa, and Northeastern states (Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya).
- Sikhes: Make up ~1.7% of the population. Mostly concentrated in Punjab and neighboring states.
- Buddhists: Make up ~0.7% of the population. Mainly found in Maharashtra, Sikkim, Ladakh, and Arunachal Pradesh.
- Jains: Make up ~0.4% of the population. Concentrated mostly in urban areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.
11. Write Short Notes on:
Answer: (a) Man and Human Geography
Man is the central point of Human Geography. Human geography studies how man interacts with nature, uses natural resources, builds cultural landscapes, and adapts to various physical environments across the globe.
(b) Human Race
A human race is a biological sub-classification of Homo sapiens sharing distinct physical traits (skin tone, hair type, facial features) inherited from common ancestors and shaped by environmental adaptations over long periods.
(c) Negroid Population Group
The Negroid group is one of the primary human races. Key physical traits include dark brown/black skin, woolly black hair, broad nose, thick lips, and medium to tall stature. They native-inhabit Sub-Saharan Africa, Melanesia, and parts of the Americas.
(d) Religious Composition
Religious composition refers to the proportion and distribution of different religious followers within a given geographical region or country. It influences social customs, cultural patterns, languages, and population dynamics.
(e) Buddhist Religion
Founded by Prince Siddhartha (Gautama Buddha) in India during the 6th century BCE. It stresses non-violence (Ahimsa), peace, overcoming suffering through the Eightfold Path, and achieving Nirvana. It spread heavily across East and Southeast Asia.
(f) People of Christian Religion in India
Christians form the third-largest religious group in India (~2.3%). Tradition traces the arrival of Christianity in India back to St. Thomas in 52 CE in Kerala. Major concentrations are in the Southern states (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) and Northeastern states (Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya).
Structure of the Earth Class 9 Advanced Geography SEBA Chapter 2
12. Choose the correct answer:
Answer: (a) When was human being born on the earth?
(i) 5-6 lakh years ago
(ii) 1-2 lakh years ago
(iii) 50-60 lakh years ago
(iv) 10-12 lakh years ago
- Answer: (iii) 50-60 lakh years ago
(b) Which is the largest religious group in terms of population?
(i) Islam
(ii) Hindu
(iii) Christian
(iv) Chinese Folk religion
- Answer: (iii) Christian
(c) In which continent did man appear/originate first?
(i) Asia
(ii) Africa
(iii) Europe
(iv) Oceania
- Answer: (ii) Africa
(d) With which racial group did the people of China belong?
(i) Caucasoid group
(ii) Negroid group
(iii) Mongoloid group
(iv) Australoid group
- Answer: (iii) Mongoloid group
Exogenic Processes Class 9 Advanced Geography Solutions
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