Looking for accurate SEBA Class 9 Advanced Geography Chapter 1 (Physical Geography and its Branches) textual solutions for the 2026–27 academic year? Access complete step-by-step answers, core physical geography concepts, landform evolution explanations, short and long exercise solutions designed according to the latest revised Assam Board (SEBA) curriculum to score top marks in your examinations.
1. What do you mean by ‘weather’ and ‘climate’? Distinguish between weather and climate.
Answer: Weather: Weather is the day-to-day state or condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time. It includes daily changes in temperature, rainfall, wind, and sunshine.
Example: A rainy morning turning into a sunny afternoon.
Climate: Climate is the average weather condition of a large area recorded over a long period of time (usually 30 to 35 years or more).
Example: Assam has a Monsoon type of climate.
Difference between Weather and Climate
| Feature | Weather | Climate |
| Time Period | Refers to a short period (hours or days). | Refers to a very long period (35+ years). |
| Area Covered | Covers a small area (a city or local town). | Covers a very large region (a country or continent). |
| Nature | Changes frequently (hour to hour or day to day). | Remains stable and does not change frequently. |
| Observation | Observed and recorded daily. | Calculated by taking the average of long-term data. |
2. Mention the elements of weather and climate.
Answer: The basic elements that define both weather and climate are:
- Temperature
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Wind (Speed and Direction)
- Humidity
- Precipitation (Rainfall, Snowfall, etc.)
- Cloudiness
- Sunshine
3. State the elements of weather and climate.
Answer: 1. Temperature: The degree of hotness or coldness of the air.
2. Atmospheric Pressure: The weight exerted by the air column on the Earth’s surface.
3. Wind: The horizontal movement of air from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
4. Humidity: The amount of water vapor present in the air.
5. Precipitation: Water falling from the atmosphere to the Earth in solid or liquid form (such as rain or snow).
SEBA Class 9 Advanced Geography Chapter 1 Solutions
4. Explain the relationships among temperature, pressure, and humidity.
Answer: 1. Temperature and Pressure: They have an inverse (opposite) relationship. When temperature increases, air expands, becomes lighter, and rises, creating low pressure. When temperature decreases, air becomes cold, heavy, and sinks, creating high pressure.
2. Temperature and Humidity: Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air. As air temperature increases, its capacity to absorb and hold moisture also increases.
3. Humidity and Pressure: Moist air is lighter than dry air. Therefore, air with high humidity creates lower atmospheric pressure compared to dry air.
5. How are the variations in atmospheric pressure caused?
Answer: Variations in atmospheric pressure are mainly caused by three factors:
- Temperature differences: Warm areas have low pressure, while cold areas have high pressure.
- Altitude (Height above sea level): Air pressure is highest at sea level and decreases as we go higher because the air becomes thinner.
- Water vapor (Humidity): Moist air is lighter than dry air, so humid places experience lower pressure.
- Rotation of the Earth: The spinning movement of the Earth causes air to deflect and spread, creating global pressure belts.
6. Why does wind blow?
Answer: Wind blows because of differences in atmospheric pressure between two places.
When the sun heats a region, the air gets warm, becomes light, and rises up, creating a low-pressure area. To fill this empty space, cool and heavy air moves in from surrounding high-pressure areas. This horizontal movement of air is called wind.
Class 9 Advanced Geography Chapter 1 Question Answer SEBA 2026-27
7. What is precipitation? Name the different types of precipitation.
Answer: Precipitation: Any form of moisture that falls from clouds to the Earth’s surface in liquid or solid form is called precipitation.
Types of Precipitation:
- Rainfall: Liquid water droplets falling to the ground.
- Snowfall: Frozen water crystals falling in soft flakes.
- Sleet: A mixture of rain and tiny ice pellets.
- Hail: Hard, round balls of ice falling during severe thunderstorms.
8. Mention the factors affecting weather and climate.
Answer: The primary factors controlling the weather and climate of a region are:
- Latitude (Distance from the Equator)
- Altitude (Height above Sea Level)
- Distance from the Sea
- Wind Direction and Ocean Currents
- Presence of Mountain Ranges
- Natural Vegetation
- Soil Type and Surface Features
SEBA Class 9 Advanced Geography Ch 1 Textbook Answers
9. Explain with examples the factors of weather and climate.
Answer: Latitude: Regions near the Equator receive direct sunlight and are hotter, while regions near the Poles receive slanted sunlight and are cold.
Example: Indonesia (near Equator) is hot all year, whereas Greenland (near Poles) is freezing.
- Altitude: Places located at higher elevations are cooler than places on flat plains.
Example: Shillong is cooler than Guwahati, even though both are in North-East India.
- Distance from the Sea: Coastal areas have a moderate climate due to sea breezes, while inland areas experience extreme heat in summer and extreme cold in winter.
Example: Mumbai has a mild climate year-round, while Delhi experiences extreme summer and winter conditions.
- Mountains: Mountains act as barriers to winds.
Example: The Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia from entering India and trap rain-bearing monsoon winds.
10. What are the types of climate?
Answer: Climates across the world are broadly categorized into major zones:
- Tropical Climate: Hot throughout the year with heavy to moderate rainfall.
- Subtropical Climate: Warm summers and cool winters.
- Temperate Climate: Moderate temperatures with mild summers and cool/cold winters.
- Polar/Cold Climate: Extremely cold with long winters and very short summers.
- Dry/Desert Climate: Very high temperatures with minimal or no rainfall.
Physical Geography Class 9 Advanced Geography SEBA Chapter 1
11. State the various types of climate with suitable diagram.
Answer: (Note: Draw a simple globe diagram showing latitude zones when writing this in your exam answer book.)
- Equatorial Climate (0° to 10° N/S): Hot and humid all year round with afternoon rainfall.
- Tropical Monsoon Climate: Distinct rainy, summer, and winter seasons (e.g., India).
- Savanna/Tropical Grassland Climate: Hot summer, warm winter, and distinct dry/wet seasons.
- Desert Climate: Extremely dry with extreme hot temperatures in summer.
- Mediterranean Climate: Warm dry summers and cool wet winters.
- Taiga/Subarctic Climate: Very long cold winters and short warm summers.
- Tundra Climate: Extremely cold polar climate covered with ice most of the year
12. Write Short Notes on the following:
Answer: (a) Relative Humidity
It is the ratio between the actual amount of water vapor present in a given volume of air and the maximum amount of water vapor that same air can hold at a specific temperature. It is expressed as a percentage (%).
(b) Atmospheric Pressure
The weight exerted by the atmosphere on a unit area of the Earth’s surface. It is measured using an instrument called a Barometer, and its standard unit is millibar (mb) or hectopascal (hPa).
(c) Pressure Belts
Permanent high and low-pressure zones created across the Earth due to unequal heating by the sun and the Earth’s rotation. The main belts are:
- Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt
- Subtropical High-Pressure Belts
- Subpolar Low-Pressure Belts
- Polar High-Pressure Belts
(d) Types of Rainfall
- Convectional Rainfall: Warm, moist air rises vertically, cools, forms clouds, and rains (common in equatorial regions).
- Orographical (Relief) Rainfall: Warm moist air is forced to rise over a mountain range, cools, and drops rain on the windward slope.
- Cyclonic (Frontal) Rainfall: Occurs when warm air mass and cold air mass meet, forcing the warm air to rise above the cold air.
(e) Effect of Latitudes on Climate
The Earth is spherical, so solar energy hits at different angles. Places near the Equator (low latitude) receive direct sunlight and remain hot. As we move toward the Poles (high latitude), rays become slanted, spreading heat over a larger area, making those regions colder.
(f) Effect of Vegetation on Climate
Dense forests absorb solar heat, release moisture through transpiration, and lower surrounding temperatures. Forests also increase rainfall and slow down strong winds, keeping local climates moderate.
(g) Monsoon Climate
A climate characterized by seasonal reversal of wind direction. In summer, winds blow from ocean to land bringing heavy rainfall, while in winter, winds blow from land to sea, keeping weather dry.
Example: South Asia (India, Assam).
(h) Taiga Type of Climate
Located south of the Tundra region in Northern Eurasia and North America. It experiences very long, freezing winters and short warm summers. Evergreen coniferous trees (like pine, spruce, and fir) grow here.
(i) Mediterranean Climate
Found on the western coasts of continents in subtropical latitudes (30°–45° N/S). Its key feature is dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Famous for citrus fruits like oranges and grapes.
(j) Savanna Climate
Also known as the Tropical Wet-and-Dry Climate. It sits between tropical rainforests and deserts. It features hot weather year-round with a distinct rainy season and tall grasslands with scattered trees.
(k) Tundra Climate
Found in extreme northern polar regions. It experiences freezing temperatures almost all year, with ground permanently frozen (permafrost). Vegetation is limited to mosses, lichens, and small bushes.
(l) Mountain Climate
Climate in high mountain regions that changes rapidly with altitude. Higher elevations experience lower temperatures, thinner air, and high snowfall, creating distinct vegetation zones from base to peak.
SEBA Class 9 Geography Elective Solutions 2026-27
13. Answer Briefly:
(a) How far does the atmosphere extend above from the Earth’s surface?
Answer: The atmosphere extends up to about 10,000 kilometers above the Earth’s surface, though most air mass is concentrated within the first 32 kilometers.
(b) What is lapse rate?
Answer: The rate at which air temperature decreases with an increase in altitude in the troposphere (normal lapse rate is 6.5°C decrease for every 1,000 meters rise).
(c) What is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level?
Answer: 1013.25 millibars (mb) or 760 mm (76 cm) of mercury column.
(d) What is humidity of air?
Answer: The amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere.
(e) What do you mean by the term ‘saturated air’?
Answer: Air that holds the maximum possible amount of water vapor at a specific temperature and cannot hold any more is called saturated air (Relative Humidity = 100%).
(f) What is the latitudinal extension of the equatorial climate?
Answer: Between 0° to 10° North and South of the Equator.
(g) In which climate is the Campos grassland found?
Answer: Savanna Climate (Tropical Grassland of Brazil).
(h) Mention the latitudinal extension of the Temperate Desert climatic region.
Answer: Between 30° and 45° North and South of the Equator on continental interiors.
(i) What is the other name of the Chinese climate?
Answer: Warm Temperate Eastern Margin Climate or Humid Subtropical Climate.
(j) Give an example of an irregular wind.
Answer: Cyclones and Anticyclones.
(k) Why does a warm air mass have the capacity to hold more water vapor?
Answer: When air warms up, it expands and the space between its molecules increases, allowing it to absorb and hold a larger quantity of water vapor.
(l) Why is there more atmospheric pressure at the lower level of the atmosphere?
Answer: Lower levels of the atmosphere carry the weight of all the air layers.
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