ACIT

🧠 Introduction:

The computer memory is divided into different types to store and manage data efficiently. Two of the most important types of memory are RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory).
Although they both belong to the primary memory category, their functions and characteristics are quite different.

Let’s understand in detail what RAM and ROM are, their types, functions, examples, and the key differences between them.

⚙️ What is RAM? (Random Access Memory)

💡 Definition:

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is a temporary or volatile memory that stores data and instructions only while the computer is on.
When the power is turned off, all data in RAM is erased.

👉 In simple words:
RAM is like a computer’s short-term memory, helping the CPU access data quickly while performing tasks.

⚙️ Functions of RAM:

✅ Stores the data and instructions currently being used.
✅ Provides fast access to programs and files.
✅ Increases the computer’s speed and performance.
✅ Helps in multitasking by holding multiple applications in memory.

🧾 Types of RAM:

🟢 1. Static RAM (SRAM):

• Uses flip-flops to store data.

• Faster and more expensive than DRAM.

• Commonly used in cache memory.

🔵 2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM):

• Stores data in capacitors and needs constant refreshing.

• Slower but cheaper and has higher storage capacity.

• Used as the main memory in computers.

💻 Examples of RAM:

• DDR3, DDR4, DDR5

• SRAM in cache memory

• Laptop or PC main memory

💾 What is ROM? (Read Only Memory)

💡 Definition:

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It is a non-volatile memory that stores permanent instructions required for the computer to start and function properly.
Even when the computer is turned off, data stored in ROM remains safe.

👉 In simple words:
ROM is like a computer’s long-term memory — it contains instructions that don’t change, such as how to start the system.

⚙️ Functions of ROM:

✅ Stores firmware or BIOS (Basic Input Output System).
✅ Holds permanent data essential for booting the computer.
✅ Provides instructions to check and load the operating system.
✅ Retains information even after power is turned off.

🧾 Types of ROM:

🟣 1. PROM (Programmable ROM):

• Can be programmed once by the manufacturer or user.

• Data cannot be erased or modified later.

🟤 2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM):

• Data can be erased using ultraviolet (UV) light.

• Can be reprogrammed multiple times.

🟠 3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM):

• Can be erased and rewritten using an electric charge.

• Used in modern devices like smartphones and BIOS chips.

💻 Examples of ROM:

• BIOS chip

• Firmware in mobile phones

• Embedded system memory

⚖️ Difference Between RAM and ROM:

🧭 Summary:

• RAM is temporary memory used for processing and running programs.

• ROM is permanent memory used for storing essential system instructions.

• Both are part of primary memory, but serve different purposes in the computer system.

Together, RAM and ROM make a computer run efficiently — one handles speed and multitasking, the other ensures stability and startup reliability. 💻⚡

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