Looking for an exam-oriented collection of extra questions and answers for SEBA Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 (Environment and Environmental Problems / পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশৰ সমস্যা) for the 2026–27 academic session? Access thoroughly solved Short Answer Questions (2–3 marks), Long Analytical Questions (4–5 marks), comparative distinction tables, and environmental science definitions. Master high-yield board topics covering the dynamic balance among the four spheres of the earth (Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, and Biosphere); the differences between biotic and abiotic factors; classification of environmental issues by spatial scale into local (e.g., municipal open dumping, localized brick kiln smoke), regional (e.g., annual Brahmaputra valley floods, shifting cultivation erosion), and global (e.g., ozone layer depletion, greenhouse gas accumulation, planetary warming); major anthropogenic causes and control measures of air, water, soil, and noise pollution; the chemical mechanism of acid rain; desertification causes and Sahel region case studies; deforestation impacts on global hydrological cycles; international climate summits and UNEP conventions; and structured model answers designed strictly according to the Assam Board (SEBA) HSLC curriculum.
Q:1. Which sphere covers about 71% of the earth’s surface?
A: Hydrosphere
Q:2. What do we call the land component of the earth?
A: Lithosphere
Q:3. What gaseous layer surrounds the earth?
A: Atmosphere
Q:4. What sphere contains all living forms?
A: Biosphere
Q:5. Who defined environment as an outcome of land, water, air, and life?
A: Haggett
Q:6. What type of elements include plants and animals?
A: Biotic
Q:7. What type of elements include land, water, and air?
A: Abiotic
Q:8. What gas has a normal atmospheric proportion of 0.035%?
A: Carbon-dioxide
Q:9. What process contaminates the environment with harmful substances?
A: Pollution
Q:10. What harmful substances cause pollution?
A: Pollutants
SEBA Class 10 Geography Chapter 2 Extra Questions
Q:11. What type of harmful rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide?
A: Acid
Q:12. What term means the process of fertile land turning into a desert?
A: Desertification
Q:13. In which city was the 1977 United Nations meeting on desertification held?
A: Nairobi
Q:14. What term describes the gradual rise in the earth’s temperature?
A: Warming
Q:15. Which gas plays the most significant role in global warming?
A: Carbon-dioxide
Q:16. What type of fuel use has increased carbon dioxide in the air?
A: Fossil
Q:17. Name a greenhouse gas besides carbon dioxide that traps solar energy.
A: Methane
Q:18. Which volcanic eruption in the Philippines was cited for emitting huge amounts of sulfur dioxide?
A: Pinatubo
Q:19. Which river’s water pollution in Guwahati is mentioned in the text?
A: Bharalu
Q:20. Which major river in North India is badly polluted by city and industrial wastes?
A: Ganga
Environment and Environmental Problems Important Questions 2026-27
Q:21. Which river in China has water polluted by 22 towns and 300 industries?
A: Yangtze
Q:22. What human activity accelerates the problem of soil erosion?
A: Deforestation
Q:23. What kind of natural phenomenon is a volcanic eruption?
A: Natural
Q:24. Up to what approximate height in kilometers does the atmosphere extend?
A: Ten-thousand
Q:25. What percentage of the world’s land surface is covered by deserts?
A: Twenty
Q:26. What percentage of the world’s land surface is affected by desertification?
A: Thirty-five
Q:27. By how much in degrees Celsius has the earth’s average surface temperature increased since pre-industrial times?
A: Zero-point-seven-six
Q:28. Name another greenhouse gas containing nitrogen.
A: Nitrous-oxide
Q:29. What type of flood is listed as a major environmental problem?
A: Artificial
Q:30. What category of environmental problems covers the entire world without geographical boundaries?
A: Global
Extra Short Questions and Answers
Q:1. What is an environment in a broad sense?
A: It denotes the conditions around an organism or community, including all necessary elements for survival.
Q:2. What is the difference between biotic and abiotic elements?
A: Biotic elements include all plants and animals, while abiotic elements include lifeless things like land, water, and air.
Q:3. Name the four major spheres of the earth.
A: Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
Q:4. What does the lithosphere consist of?
A: Rocks, soils, and minerals forming mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, and coasts.
Q:5. How much of the earth’s surface is covered by the hydrosphere?
A: About 71% of the earth’s surface.
Q:6. How many species of plants and animals have been identified in the biosphere?
A: About 1.75 million species.
Q:7. Into what three geographical groups are environmental problems divided?
A: Local, regional, and global problems.
Q:8. Give one example of a local environmental problem.
A: Land pollution created by a small-scale industry.
Q:9. Give one example of a regional environmental problem.
A: The flood problem of the Brahmaputra or Barak Valley.
Q:10. What is a pollutant?
A: A harmful substance that is added to the environment in large amounts and causes harm to the biotic world.
Q:11. How do modern farming practices cause land pollution?
A: By using chemical fertilizers, insecticides, weedicides, and underground irrigation water that change soil properties.
Q:12. What causes acid rain?
A: Maximum concentration of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide gases in the atmosphere.
Q:13. What is water pollution?
A: The process of making water unusable due to the mixing of chemical substances, wastes, or microbes.
Q:14. Define desertification.
A: The diminution or destruction of the biological potential of land leading ultimately to desert-like conditions.
Q:15. What are greenhouse gases?
A: Gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide that trap solar energy reflected from the earth.
Q:16. How much has carbon dioxide increased in the atmosphere over the last 150 years?
A: By 30%.
Q:17. What is global warming?
A: The rise in temperature of the earth’s surface and atmosphere due to human activities and greenhouse gases.
Q:18. Name two natural factors that cause air pollution.
A: Volcanic eruptions and forest fires.
Q:19. What are the primary human causes of air pollution?
A: Industries, urbanization, vehicular traffic, and nuclear explosions.
Q:20. What will happen if the sea level rises by one meter due to global warming?
A: About 5 million square kilometers of coastal area, populated islands, and deltas will get submerged.
Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Extra Q&A SEBA
Long (3-Mark) Important Extra Questions and Answers
Q:1. Explain the four major spheres of the earth that determine its environment.
A:
Lithosphere: The land component composed of rocks, soils, and minerals, covering continents, mountains, and plains.
Hydrosphere: The water component made of seas, oceans, rivers, and lakes, covering 71% of the earth.
Atmosphere: The gaseous layer of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide extending up to 10,000 km from the surface.
Biosphere: The zone where life forms exist, including the earth’s surface, oceans, and lower atmosphere.
Q:2. Classify environmental problems geographically and explain each with examples.
A:
Local Problems: Confined to small, local areas. Example: Land pollution from a small industry or local river bank erosion.
Regional Problems: Occur across a wider region or river basin. Example: The flood problem of the Brahmaputra or Barak Valley.
Global Problems: Cover the entire world without any geographical boundaries. Example: Global warming and rise in sea level.
Q:3. What are the main causes of land pollution? Explain briefly.
A: Land pollution happens when land loses its natural properties and fertility. The main causes are:
Modern Agriculture: Heavy use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and weedicides that alter soil composition.
Industrial Wastes: Toxic chemicals, poisonous metals, and industrial refuse mixing with soil.
Other Factors: Acid rain, radioactive substances, and improper extraction of coal and petroleum.
Q:4. How does atmospheric pollution occur, and what is its major consequence?
A:
Causes: Atmosphere gets polluted when solid, liquid, or gaseous pollutants from volcanic eruptions, forest fires, factories, and vehicles are added, breaking its natural balance.
Consequences: It causes harmful air pollution and leads to acid rain when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide reach high concentrations in the air, destroying forests and water bodies.
Q:5. Describe the causes and impacts of water pollution based on the chapter.
A:
Causes: Wastes from towns, cities, and industries draining into rivers (like the Ganga, Bharalu, and Yangtze), agricultural runoff, mining, and oil spills in oceans.
Impacts: Makes water unusable for humans, harms aquatic plants and animals, and adversely affects soil fertility and human health.
Assam Board HSLC Class 10 Geography Chapter 2 Solved Extra Questions PDF
Q:6. What is desertification? Mention its causes and global impact.
A:
Meaning: It is the destruction of the biological potential of land leading to desert-like conditions and the spread of deserts to peripheral areas.
Causes: Natural factors like drought and global warming, alongside human activities like overgrazing, deforestation, and expanding agriculture.
Impact: Around 35% of the world’s land surface is affected, reducing land productivity across nearly 100 countries.
Q:7. What is global warming, and how do greenhouse gases contribute to it?
A:
Global Warming: The rapid increase in the average temperature of the earth’s surface and atmosphere due to human activities.
Role of Greenhouse Gases: Gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap the solar energy reflected back from the earth’s surface.
Impact: Increased fossil fuel use has raised carbon dioxide by 30% in 150 years, trapping more heat and raising global temperatures.
Q:8. What are the major dangers and future results of global warming?
A:
Melting of Polar Ice: Rising temperatures will cause snow in the north and south polar regions to melt rapidly.
Rise in Sea Level: Melting ice will raise the sea level; a one-meter rise will submerge about 5 million square kilometers of coastal areas.
Ecological Damage: It will cause changes in plant and animal distribution, fall in crop output, and loss of populated islands and deltas.
Q:9. Why have environmental problems increased rapidly over the last 300 years?
A:
Population Explosion: Rapid population growth dramatically increased the demand for natural resources.
Human Activities: Rapid industrialization, urbanization, transport expansion, and modern farming put intense pressure on all earth spheres.
Ecological Imbalance: Excessive deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions broke the normal balance among the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
Q:10. Why is environmental education necessary in school and college curricula?
A:
Creating Awareness: It helps students understand how the earth’s four major spheres are interconnected and dependent on each other.
Recognizing Threats: It teaches students about severe man-made problems like pollution, global warming, and desertification.
Encouraging Conservation: It instills a sense of responsibility to keep the environment healthy and adopt sustainable practices for future survival.
🌿 HSLC Class 10 Social Science Exam Preparation Notice: This page features curated SEBA Class 10 Social Science (Geography Section) Chapter 2: Environment and Environmental Problems Extra Questions, Answers & Solutions updated for the 2026–27 academic session. Tailored strictly to target high-yield, conceptual questions repeatedly tested in pre-board and final HSLC examinations, this revision guide explores beyond standard textbook exercises—providing structured, point-wise evaluations of ecological equilibrium across earth’s four spheres, spatial categorization of environmental degradation, chemical processes behind global warming and acid precipitation, desertification expansion patterns, and modern remedial measures—to guarantee full marks in your 2-mark, 3-mark, and 5-mark board exam questions.
💡 Master SEBA Class 10 Geography Chapter Extra Questions:
- Having difficulty structuring a comprehensive 5-mark answer explaining how unscientific agricultural practices cause soil degradation and desertification, distinguishing between regional and global environmental crises with specific examples from Assam and the globe, or analyzing the chemical factors responsible for acid rain and its destructive impact on monuments and aquatic ecosystems? Leave your query in the comments section below!
- Bookmark this page for quick revision of definitions, pollution classifications, greenhouse gases, and ecological conservation measures before your unit evaluations, pre-board exams, and the upcoming HSLC examinations.
- Share this link with your classmates and WhatsApp study groups to make Class 10 Social Science environmental geography preparation structured, analytical, and high-scoring!