Looking for crucial SEBA Class 9 Advanced Geography Chapter 1 (Physical Geography: Weather and Climate) extra questions and answers for the 2026–27 academic session? Access additional high-yield questions covering weather vs climate distinctions, atmospheric pressure belts, wind systems (planetary, monsoon, local winds), humidity, precipitation types, weather instruments, short notes, and board exam solutions strictly designed according to the revised Assam Board (SEBA) curriculum to score top marks.
1. Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
Q1: What is the atmosphere?
Ans: The gaseous layer of air that surrounds the Earth and extends upward up to about 10,000 km is called the atmosphere.
Q2: In which layer of the atmosphere do all weather phenomena occur?
Ans: Troposphere.
Q3: What is weather?
Ans: Weather is the state or condition of the atmosphere of a place for a short span of time (a few hours, a day, or a week).
Q4: What is climate?
Ans: Climate is the average atmospheric condition of a large area calculated over a long period of at least 30 years.
Q5: What is the normal lapse rate of temperature in the troposphere?
Ans: Temperature decreases at the rate of 6.5°C per kilometer of altitude.
Q6: What is the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level in millibars?
Ans: 1013.2 mb (at 15°C)
Q7: Which instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?
Ans: Barometer.
Q8: Name the type of rainfall caused when moisture-laden wind hits a mountain.
Ans: Orographic rainfall.
Q9: What is absolute humidity?
Ans: Absolute humidity is the actual amount of water vapor present in a definite volume of air, expressed in grams per cubic meter (g/m3).
Q10: What type of climate does North-East India experience?
Ans: Tropical Monsoon climate.
SEBA Class 9 Advanced Geography Chapter 1 Extra Questions
Q11: What is the height of the normal mercury column at sea level?
Ans: 29.92inches or 760mm.
Q12: What are the vast grasslands of Africa called under the Savanna climate?
Ans: Savanna.
2. Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks Each)
Q1: Write two differences between weather and climate.
Ans:
- Time span: Weather represents short-term atmospheric conditions (hours or days), whereas climate represents average conditions over a long period (at least 30 years).
- Area covered: Weather applies to a small or limited area, while climate applies to a large region (e.g., a state or country).
Q2: What is saturated air?
Ans: Saturated air is a parcel of air that holds the maximum possible amount of water vapor it can retain at a specific temperature.
Q3: Why is the troposphere the most important atmospheric layer for weather?
Ans: The troposphere is closest to Earth’s surface and contains most of the atmosphere’s water vapor and dust particles. As a result, clouds, rain, wind, and storms all occur in this layer.
Q4: Define relative humidity.
Ans: Relative humidity is the ratio of the actual mass of water vapor present in a given volume of air to the mass of water vapor needed to saturate the same volume at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage 100%.
Q5: Why do desert regions experience extreme daily temperatures?
Ans: Deserts consist mostly of sandy or rocky soils with little vegetation. Sandy soil heats up rapidly during the day under sun rays and cools down equally fast at night by radiation.
Q6: Name four principal elements of weather and climate.
Ans:
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Humidity
- Wind
Q7: What is convectional rainfall?
Ans: When Earth’s surface gets heated by solar radiation, the overlying air warms up, expands, and rises vertically. The water vapor in this rising air cools and condenses to produce rain, known as convectional rainfall.
Q8: Differentiate between maritime climate and continental climate.
Ans:
- Maritime climate: Prevails near oceans/coasts; experiences moderate temperatures without extreme summer or winter.
- Continental climate: Prevails in deep continental interiors; experiences extreme hot summers and very cold winters.
Q9: How does elevation affect air pressure?
Ans: As elevation increases, the depth and density of the atmospheric air column above decrease. Consequently, air pressure drops by about of mercury (approx.
) for every
of ascent.
Q10: What are the two major factors that cause variation in air pressure?
Ans:
- Air Temperature: Warm air expands and creates low pressure; cold air contracts and creates high pressure.
- Surface Elevation: High-altitude areas have lower atmospheric pressure than low-altitude coastal areas.
Class 9 Advanced Geography Chapter 1 Important Questions SEBA 2026-27
3. Medium Answer Type Questions (3 Marks Each)
Q1: Explain how latitude affects the temperature of a place.
Ans: Latitude determines the angle of incoming solar rays:
- Equatorial region (0): Sun rays fall vertically throughout the year, traveling a shorter atmospheric path and heating a smaller surface area, resulting in high temperatures.
- Polar regions (90°N/S): Sun rays fall obliquely (at a slant), traveling a longer atmospheric path and spreading over a wider surface area, resulting in cold temperatures.
- Thus, atmospheric temperature gradually decreases from the equator toward the poles.
Q2: What is a cyclone, and how does cyclonic rainfall occur?
Ans:
- Cyclone: When air in a region gets very hot and rises rapidly, a low-pressure center develops. Cold, dense air from surrounding high-pressure areas rushes toward this central low pressure in a spiral motion, creating a cyclone.
- Cyclonic rainfall: As the spiraling warm air rises within the cyclone, it expands, cools, and condenses, producing heavy rainfall over the affected region.
Q3: Describe the main characteristics of the Equatorial Climate.
Ans:
- Location: Lies between 0 and 10 North and South of the equator (e.g., Amazon and Congo basins).
- Temperature & Rainfall: High temperatures and high rainfall (over 200cm annually) throughout the year, with negligible seasonal variation.
- Vegetation: Dense, multi-layered tropical evergreen forests flourish due to continuous heat and moisture.
- heat and moisture.
Q4: Explain the working principle of a simple mercury barometer.
Ans:
- A simple barometer consists of a glass tube filled with mercury, inverted over a dish containing mercury.
- Atmospheric air exerts downward pressure on the exposed surface of mercury in the dish.
- This pressure forces and balances a column of mercury inside the glass tube. At sea level, standard atmospheric pressure holds the mercury column at a height of 760mm (29.92inches).
Q5: How does forest vegetation influence climate?
Ans:
- Forests release water vapor into the atmosphere through transpiration, increasing humidity and promoting rainfall.
- Dense canopies shade the ground, keeping local soil and air temperatures lower and more stable.
- Deforestation disrupts this balance, causing reduced rainfall and higher local atmospheric temperatures.
Q6: Explain the difference between absolute humidity and relative humidity.
Ans:
| Feature | Absolute Humidity | Relative Humidity |
| Definition | Total mass of water vapor in a specific volume of air. | Ratio of present water vapor to maximum water vapor capacity at that temperature. |
| Unit | Grams per cubic meter (g/m3). | Percentage ($\%$). |
| Sensitivity | Independent of temperature changes alone. | Changes directly when air temperature changes. |
Q7: Write a short note on Orographic Rainfall with a simple explanation.
Ans:
When moisture-laden wind blows across the land and Encounters a physical barrier such as a hill or mountain range, it is forced to climb along the mountain slope. As it rises, the air cools, condenses, and forms clouds. It then releases heavy rain on the windward side (facing the wind). After crossing the summit, the air descends on the leeward side, where it warms up and holds little moisture, creating a rain-shadow zone.
Q8: What are the main characteristics of the Mediterranean climate?
Ans:
- Location: Western coastal regions of continents between 30 and 45 N and S latitudes.
- Temperature:Mild, warm summers (21°C to 27°C) and cool winters (10°C to 13°C).
- Precipitation & Land Use: Most rainfall occurs during the winter season. This climate is globally suited for horticulture and citrus fruit production.
Q9: Explain how distance from the sea controls local temperature.
Ans:
- Water heats up and cools down much slower than land.
- During summer, coastal land heats quickly, but sea breezes blow cooler air inland, lowering temperatures.
- During winter, land cools quickly, but warmer air over the sea blows inland, preventing extreme cold.
- Places far from the sea lack this moderating maritime effect and experience extreme weather conditions (continental climate).
Q10: Briefly discuss how slope aspect (direction of land slope) affects climate.
Ans:
In the Northern Hemisphere, south-facing slopes receive direct, near-vertical sunlight and remain significantly warmer than north-facing slopes (e.g., the southern slopes of the Himalayas receive more direct heat than the northern slopes facing Tibet). Slope direction also determines exposure to moisture-bearing winds, resulting in wetter windward slopes and drier leeward slopes.
Weather and Climate Class 9 SEBA Chapter 1 Extra Question Answer
4. Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks Each)Q1: Explain five major factors that control the climate of a place.
Ans:
Vegetation Cover: Areas with thick forests keep the surrounding atmosphere humid and cool, encouraging rainfall. Deforested or barren lands absorb heat quickly and experience dry, warm climates.
Latitude: Regions near the equator receive vertical sun rays and have hot climates. As latitude increases toward the poles, sun rays become oblique, reducing temperatures.
Elevation (Altitude): Temperature drops at a rate of $6.5^\circ\text{C}$ per 1km elevation in the troposphere. Therefore, high-altitude hill stations (like Shillong) are cooler than low-altitude plains at the same latitude.
Distance from the Sea: Coastal areas enjoy a moderate, maritime climate due to land and sea breezes, whereas interior continental regions experience extreme seasonal temperature variations.
Mountain Barriers: High mountains block moving air masses. Moisture-laden winds forced up a mountain slope cause heavy rainfall on the windward side, leaving the leeward side dry (rain-shadow region).
Q2: Define wind. Explain the general rules governing wind generation and direction.
Ans:
Definition: The horizontal movement of air from high-pressure regions to low-pressure regions is called wind.
General Rules Governing Wind:
- Pressure Gradient: Air always moves from high-pressure centers to low-pressure centers.
- Wind Speed: The greater the pressure difference between high and low-pressure centers, the higher the speed of the wind.
- Distance Effect: If high and low-pressure centers are closer together, the pressure gradient is steep, resulting in stronger winds.
- Thermal Movement: Heated air expands, becomes lighter, and ascends vertically. Cold air becomes dense and descends.
- Earth’s Rotation: Earth rotates on its axis from west to east, creating a deflection force (Coriolis force) that changes the direction of blowing winds.
Q3: Describe the Monsoon Climate under the following heads: (a) Distribution, (b) Temperature, (c) Rainfall & Vegetation.
Ans: (a) Distribution: The monsoon climate prevails along the eastern margins of continents in the Northern Hemisphere between 10°N and 40°N (e.g., India, Bangladesh, South-East Asia, Southern China, Japan) as well as parts of northern Australia and Malagasy.
(b) Temperature: Marked by distinct seasonal changes. Summers are hot with average temperatures between 27°C and 32°C, while winters are cool to mild with lower temperatures.
(c) Rainfall & Vegetation:
Rain mostly falls during the summer season due to moisture-bearing onshore winds.
Regions receiving over 200cm annual rainfall feature dense evergreen forests.
Regions with 100cm-200cm rainfall support tropical deciduous trees (which shed leaves in dry seasons).
Areas receiving low rainfall support scrubland and natural grasses.
Q4: What is atmospheric pressure? Describe how temperature and elevation influence atmospheric pressure.
Ans:
Atmospheric Pressure: Atmospheric pressure is the weight or force exerted by the air column per unit area on Earth’s surface. Standard sea-level pressure is 1013.2mb or 760mm of mercury.
Factors Influencing Atmospheric Pressure:
Air pressure decreases by roughly 1inch of mercury column (34mb) for every 900feet of vertical rise.
Air Temperature:
Heating causes air molecules to expand and spread apart, reducing air density and creating a low-pressure zone.
Cooling causes air to contract and settle, increasing air density and creating a high-pressure zone.
Warm air also holds more moisture, making humid air lighter than dry air, which further lowers air pressure.
Surface Elevation:
Air pressure is highest at sea level because the entire weight of the overlying air column pushes down on it.
As altitude increases, the height and mass of the air column above decrease, leading to reduced pressure.
Q5: Describe the Hot Desert Climate with reference to location, temperature, rainfall, and natural vegetation.
Ans:Location: Hot deserts lie near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (15-30N/S). Examples include the Sahara, Thar, Kalahari, Atacama, and Australian deserts.
Temperature: High summer temperatures averaging above 30°C, often exceeding 45°C during peak day hours. Winter temperatures average around 10°C.
Rainfall: Annual rainfall is extremely scanty, generally below 10cm. High-pressure conditions and dry offshore winds prevent cloud formation and precipitation.
Vegetation: Vegetation is minimal and specially adapted to drought conditions (xerophytic). It includes thorny bushes, cacti, and deep-rooted shrubs designed to store water and minimize transpiration loss.
SEBA Class 9 Physical Geography Chapter 1 Extra Solutions
🌤️ Exam Preparation Notice: This page provides curated SEBA Class 9 Advanced Geography Chapter 1 (Physical Geography: Weather and Climate) Important Extra Questions and Answers updated for the 2026–27 academic session. This special bundle features high-probability short answers, long conceptual questions, atmospheric phenomenon explanations, instrument function guides, and distinction tables tailored for unit tests, half-yearly evaluations, and final school examinations.